As in the case
2. It can be inferred from the reading selection that
(A) every change in the environment requires acclimatization by living things.
(B) plants and animals are more alike than they are different.
(C) biologist and physiologists study essentially the same things.
(D) the explanation of acclimatization is specific to each plant and animal.
(E) as science develops, the connotation of terms may change.
2) Type:
Inference
(E) The third sentence in paragraph 1 tells us that the term acclimatization
originally meant an organism could adjust to temperature changes.
Later, in the last sentence of paragraph 1, we learn that the term
now referes to an organism's ability to adjust to changes in temperature,
pressure and chemical environment. Choices A, B, C, and D are incorrect
because one cannot infer any of these statements from the passage. Plants and animals are
more alike than they are different? Huh? Carrots and cats
have more similarities than differences? Seems doubtful, but
in any case, all that matters here is that the passage doesn't address
this.
(700)
3. According to the reading selection, acclimatization
(A) is similar to adaptation.
(B) is more important today than it was formerly.
(C) involves positive as well as negative adjustment.
(D) may be involved with a part of an organism but not with the whole organism.
(E) is more difficult to explain with the more complex present-day environment than it was formerly.
3) Type: Definition of a term or phrase
(A) Acclimatization and adaptation are both forms of adjustment. Accordingly,
these two processes are similar. The difference between the two terms,
however, is brought out in the second sentence in second paragraph.
Don't let this distinction throw you off. No, acclimatization
and adaptation are not the
same, but
they are similar. Though the passage never overtly states this
fact, it can be inferred from the description of adaptation that it
is similar to acclimatization. Choice D is incorrect because the passage
does not say anything about the parts of the organism versus the whole.
The first line of the second paragraph says that the whole organism,
or a part of it, may change to suit a new environment, but not that
either must take place. Choices B, C, and E are incorrect because
the passage simply doesn't indicate that any of these choices are
true. (500)
4. By inference from the reading selection, which one of the following would NOT require the process of acclimatization?
(A) an ocean fish placed in a lake
(B) a shallow diver making a deep dive
(C) an airplane pilot making a high-altitude flight
(D) a person going from daylight into a darkened room
(E) a businessman moving from Denver, Colorado, to New Orleans, Louisiana
4) Type: Inference
(D) A person going from daylight into a darkened room is an example
of adaptation, not acclimatization. See the second through fourth
sentences in paragraph two, where the author describes the definition
of adaptation. Choices A, B, C, and E all require the process of acclimatization,
so they are incorrect. An ocean fish placed in a lake (A) is a chemical
change. Choices B, C, and E are all pressure changes. Acclimatization,
according to the new definition in the passage, deals with both
chemical and pressure changes. (600)
5. According to the passage, a major distinction between acclimatization and adaptation is that acclimatization
(A) is more important than adaptation.
(B) is relatively slow and adaptation is relatively rapid.
(C) applies to adjustments while adaptation does not apply to adjustments.
(D) applies to terrestrial animals and adaptation to aquatic animals.
(E) is applicable to all animals and plants and adaptation only to higher animals and man.
5)Type: Detail
of the passage
(B). See the third and fourth sentences of paragraph two: "The
term should not be taken to include relatively rapid adjustments such
as those that our sense organs are constantly making. This type of
adjustment is commonly referred to by physiologists as adaptation." Choices A, D, and E are incorrect because the passage does
not contain any evidence to back up these claims. These are all just
made-up distinctions that are never mentioned in the passage, and,
remember, the passage is all we have to base our answers upon. Choice
C is partially correct in that acclimatization does apply to adjustments,
but the choice is incorrect because adaptation also applies to adjustments.
6. The word "inured" in the first sentence of paragraph two most likely means
(A) exposed
(B) accustomed
(C) attracted
(D) associated
(E) in love with
6)Type: Definition
of a term or phrase
(B) "Inured" most
nearly means "accustomed". The sentence is describing an
organism surviving in an environment it normally would not be able to
cope with. This question is very detailed and further knowledge of
the passage outside the contextual sentence provides you with little
help. If you are having trouble with this kind of question read each
choice into the sentence and chose the one that best gets at the overall
point being made. Most of the choices don't make sense with the concept
of the organism becoming inured to "an environment which is normally
unsuitable to it or lethal for it. Would an organism survive
in a normally lethal environment if it was simply "exposed"
(A) or "attracted" (C) to it, for example? (400)
7. The function of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole is to
(A) Illuminate the human element of acclimatization
(B) Explain the role of scientists in acclimatization research
(C) Provide a definition corresponding to the examples sighted in paragraph 1.
(D) Detail the environmental adjustments animals make to their environment
(E) Show the links between important terms used elsewhere in the essay
7) Type:
Function of a part of the passage (Advanced)
(C) The purpose of the second paragraph is explain the definition
of acclimatization. The end of paragraph 1 provides examples of acclimatization,
and the first line of paragraph 2 provides the direct definition of
the term. The rest of the paragraph provides a secondary definition
of adaptation: to support the definition of acclimatization by showing
what it is NOT. (A) and (B) contain a detail of the paragraph but
do not relate to its overall function. (D) is incorrect because the
paragraph does not show environmental adjustments for animals in detail,
only humans. (E) is incorrect because the paragraph contains the term
adaptation which is not used elsewhere in the essay. (700)
8. The author is most likely:
(A) A researcher in the field of adaptive mechanisms
(B) A student of biology
(C) A veterinarian looking to explain an issue of importance
(D) The editor of a scientific publication
(E) The founder of a new field of science
8) Type: Identity of the author (Advanced)
(A) The author describes acclimatization in detail and his tone is
one of experience. The author is familiar with acclimatization at
a very high level. He or she is unlikely to be a student (B) since
the passage is long, detailed and historical. The author is unlikely
to be a veterinarian (C), as the issue of acclimatization applies
to humans, as well as to animals. (D) and (E) are tricky, but they
are incorrect. (D) is incorrect because there is nothing in the passage
to indicate that the author is an editor specifically (as opposed
to a contributor) to a scientific publication. (E) is also incorrect
because, although the author attempts to clarify and explain the nuances
of acclimatization, this does not constitute the creation of a new
field of science. (700)
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