D. Evaluate an argument
Now that you can break a stimulus into premises and conclusions and put the argument into your own words, how do you find errors in the arguments?
The Usual Suspects: Common Logical Fallacies
We've identified several logical errors that commonly appear in the Critical Reasoning questions.
1. Circular Reasoning
Here, an unsubstantiated assertion is used to justify another unsubstantiated assertion, which is, or at least could be, used to justify the first statement. For instance, Joe and Fred show up at an exclusive club. When asked if they are members, Joe says "I'll vouch for Fred." When Joe is asked for evidence that he's a member, Fred says, "I'll vouch for him."
2. The Biased Sample Fallacy
The Fallacy of the Biased Sample is committed whenever the data for a statistical inference is drawn from a sample that is not representative of the population under consideration. The data drawn and used to make a generalization is drawn from a group that does not represent the whole.
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